What Is Inorganic Chemistry and the History of Inorganic Chemistry ?

What Is Inorganic Chemistry?

 If organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives, inorganic chemistry can be broadly described as the chemistry of "all others." This includes all the remaining elements in the periodic table, as well as carbon, which plays an important and growing role in inorganic chemistry. The broad field of organometallic chemistry bridges both areas by considering metal-carbon-containing compounds. captivity; it also includes the catalysis of many organic reactions. Bioinorganic Chemistry Bridges biochemistry and inorganic chemistry and have a major focus on medical applications. Environmental chemistry includes the study of inorganic and organic compounds. In short, the inorganic realm is vast and provides essentially limitless areas for investigation. and possible practical applications.

                                       

History of Inorganic Chemistry

                                                                                        

Many chemical reactions were used even before alchemy became the subject of research. Their products are applied in everyday life. The first metals used were probably gold and copper, It can be found in the natural metallic state. Copper can also be easily formed by the Reduction of bronze (basic copper carbonate, CH₂Cu₂O₅ over a charcoal fire. Silver, lead, antimony, and lead were also known in 3000 BC. Iron appeared in 1500 BC elsewhere in classical Greece and around the Mediterranean. At the same time, mainly composed colored glass and ceramic glaze were introduced. Silicon dioxide (SiO₂, the main component of sand) and other metal oxides can be melted and cooled to an amorphous solid. Alchemists were early active in the centers of China, Egypt, and other civilizations. First-century CE. Much effort has been put into trying to "transmutate" base metals. Gold, the alchemist, also described many other chemical reactions and manipulations. Distillation, Sublimation, crystallization, and other techniques were developed and used in their research. Due to political and social changes at the time, alchemy moved to the Arabs Since the world (about 1000-1500 CE) has reappeared in Europe. Gunpowder was used as early as 1150, Chinese fireworks were launched and alchemy spread to China and India at that time. Alchemists appeared in art, literature, and science until at least 1600 by which Time chemistry was beginning to take shape as a science. Recognized as one of the first great experimental scientists, Roger Bacon (1214–1294) also wrote extensively about alchemy.

By the 17th century, common strong acids (nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid) were known, and there was a systematic explanation of common salts and their reactions. It was accumulated. As experimental techniques improve, Chemical reactions and gas properties became more common, atomic and molecular weights were determined more accurately, laying the foundation for the rest. It became the periodic table of elements. By 1869, the concepts of atoms and molecules were well established, and it was possible for Mendeleev and Meyer to propose different forms of the periodic table. The chemical industry existed in the form of a very early stage Factory for extended salt refining and metal smelting and refining as a method. It has become common to prepare relatively pure materials. Becquerel was discovered in 1896 Radioactivity, and another field of study opened. Subatomic particles, spectra, And electricity led to Bohr's atomic theory in 1913.

Quantum mechanics of Schrodinger and Heisenberg in 1926 and 1927. Inorganic chemistry as a research field was very important in the early day Qualitative analytical methods have been developed to identify and evaluate minerals in combination with quantitative methods in the exploration and development of mineral resources. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, so did the chemical industry. By the beginning of the 20th century, plants for mass production of ammonia and nitric acid Acids, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and many other inorganic chemicals were common.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Werner and Jorgensen made considerable progress in understanding and discovering the coordination chemistry of transition metals and the Number of organometallic compounds. Nevertheless, the popularity of inorganic chemistry as a field of study has gradually declined during most of the first half of the century. The need for inorganic chemists to work on military projects during World War II has fueled interest in this area. Work was done on many projects (especially) The Manhattan Project, where scientists developed a fission bomb), a new field of study a new theory has emerged that encourages further experimental research. The great expansion of inorganic chemistry began in the 1940s, stimulated by enthusiasm. Ideas were created during World War II.

Early methods used in the 1950s to describe the spectrum of encapsulated metal ions due to negatively charged ions in the crystal (crystal field theory) were extended by the use of Molecular orbital theory for developing ligand field theory for use in coordination compounds. Metal ions are surrounded by ions or molecules that provide electron pairs. This theory gave a more complete picture of the binding of these compounds. This theoretical framework, the availability of new equipment, and A generally awakened interest in inorganic chemistry.

     In 1955, Ziegler 3 and Natta 4 discovered an organometallic compound that could catalyze the polymerization of ethylene at temperatures and pressures below normal temperatures and pressures than the industrial method of the time. In addition, the polyethylene formed was more powerful because it consisted of linear molecules rather than branches. And it's more durable. Other catalysts were quickly developed and their research Rapid expansion of organometallic chemistry, a field that is still growing rapidly. 

One current area that bridges organometallic chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry is the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia:

                                  3H₂ + N₂ → 2 NH₃ 

This reaction is one of the most important industrial processes with over 100 million tonnes of Ammonia produced annually around the world, mainly for fertilizer. But nevertheless Improved metal oxide catalyst since it was introduced by the Haber process in 1913. Second, it is also a reaction that requires a temperature of 350-550 °,  Even at pressures of 150-350 atm, only 15% ammonia is obtained. Bacteria, However, fix nitrogen (convert to ammonia and then to nitrite and nitrate), at 0.8 atm at room temperature in the root nodules of legumes. Nitrogenase enzyme It is a complex iron-molybdenum-sulfur protein that catalyzes this reaction. The structure of Its active site is determined by X-ray crystallography. A modern and lively area of Inorganic research is the design of reactions that can be performed on an industrial scale. It models the reaction of nitrogenase to produce ammonia under mild conditions. Currently, 1% of the world's total energy consumption is now Used for the Haber process. Inorganic chemistry also has medical applications. Notable among these is the development of platinum-containing antitumor agents, the first of which was the cis isomer of Pt(NH3)2Cl2, cisplatin. 

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